A

Abrasion: 角膜切除　
Generally, a Break in the epithelial layer of the cornea but may be deeper.

Accommodation: 調節
Ability to change focus from objects far to objects near.

Acuity: 視力（又は、VA）
Sharpness of vision.

Adnexa: 眼付属器、副眼器（解）
Tissues near to the eye.

Adverse Effects: 副作用
Undesirable effects

Alignment Curve:
ＡＣ（AZ、中心維持カーブ）
This curve is to determines the fitting characteristics of the lens and is designed to align closely to the corneal surface. The lens rides high if it is too loose, and the lens rides low if it is too tight.

Amblyopia: 弱視
Less than standard visual acuity with the best lens correction available. Usually, monocular, though it can be　binocular. Seemingly without pathological cause.

Ametropia: 非正視、屈折以上
The refractive condition in which, with accommodation relaxed, (set for distance) parallel rays do not focus on the retina.

Anisometropia: 不同視(症)
A condition of unequal refractive state for the two eyes with different lens correction required for each eye.

Aqueous Humor: 房水、眼房水（解）
The fluid within the eye in front of the crystalline lens and the back surface of the cornea.

ARM ：加齢黄斑変静（症）
Age Related Macular Degeneration. See also Macular Degeneration

Aspheric: 非球面
The type of bifocal lens in which the lens power changes gradually, from the center to the edge of the lens.

Astigmatism:　乱視、非点収差
Refractive error which prevents the light rays from a point from coming to a single focus on the retina, because of different refraction in different medians of the eye.

Astigmatic Keratotomy:ＡＫ、乱視矯正角膜切開術
It is a surgical procedure performed to correct astigmatism. To correct astigmatism, the number, angle, and distribution of the incisions will vary on each patients, depending upon the degree and axis (location) of the astigmatism.

Automated Lamellar Keratectomy: ALK
It is a relatively new procedure performed for extremely nearsighted patients. In this procedure, a flap of corneal surface tissue is folded back, a layer of the central coreal tissue is removed, and the surface flap is replaced.

Alignment Zone: ＡZ、AC、中心維持カーブ Zoneには二つ以上のカーブが入っている。
This curve is to determines the fitting characteristics of the lens and is designed to align closely to the corneal surface. The lens rides high if it is too loose, and the lens rides low if it is too tight.

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B

Base Curve(BC): （レンズ裏の）バースカーブ、光学領オプティカルゾン
Refers to the curve designated as the center of the optical correction, in contact lenses as the curve next to the cornea. Usually 6mm. Depends upon cap, practitioner, standards, etc.

Bifocal/multifocal contact lenses:多焦点レンズ
Contact lenses with two or more viewing zones, with a part of the lens designed for seeing distant objects and another part for seeing near objects.

Bifocal Glasses: 二重焦点メガネ
Spectacles with two viewing zones, one on top and the other one on the bottom for seeing both near and far objects. Traditional bifocal glasses are recognized by a well defined visible line separating the two viewing zones. It was come in 1784 by Benjamin Franklin.

Binocular Vision: 両眼視、両眼視力
Both eyes working together creating one image, centrally and peripherally. Fusion Results. See Fusion.

Blepharitis: 眼瞼炎
Any inflammation of the eyelid. But commonly referring to the margin.

Blindness: 盲
The inability to see; absence or severe reduction of vision. Legal definition. Central vision 20/200 or less with best correction, or field defect with the widest field diameter of an angle no greater than 20 degrees. (Tunnel Vision).

Blind Spot: 盲点
An area in the field of vision where sight is absent due to the absence of nerve endings in the optical disc.

BOZD: 後面OZ直径
Back Optic Zone Diameter

BOZR: 後面OZ半径
Back Optic Zone Radius

BPD1: 第１後面周辺部直径
First Back Peripheral Diameter

BPR1: 第１後面周辺部半径
First Back Peripheral Radius

BPR2: 第 2 後面周辺部半径
Second Back Peripheral Radius

BPR3: 第 3 後面周辺部半径
Third Back Peripheral Radius

BPR4: 第 4 後面周辺部半径
Fourth Back Peripheral Radius

Bull's Eye: ブルのアイ（雄牛の目）
角膜の中央がフラットなっている状態を示すパターンです。センターリングは良く、 中央はフラットになり、周辺部は若干又はほとんど変わっていない状態です。

It describes Fl pattern of an ideally fitting reverse geometry lens. It also describes the appearance of the post-wear topography map of an ideal response to the wear of a lens.　This pattern shows a well-centered area of central corneal flattening, surrounded by a zone steeped and little or no change in the peripheral  corneal shape.

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C

Cataract: 水晶体混濁
An opacity, usually in the crystalline lens.

Central Vision: 中心視、中心視力
The area of the retina which generates the sharpest vision (called the fovea). Central direction starts from this point.

Chalazion: 霰粒腫
Blockage of a duct in the lid (Meibomian Gland), which can cause a swollen area, a lump.

Choroid: 脈絡膜
The second layer of the eye. It is the nutrient layer, and carries the blood supply of the eye. It extends from the optic nerve to the iris (the iris is part of this vascular layer).

Ciliary Body: 毛様体
Area of the uveal tract (second layer of the eye ・vascular), surrounds the periphery of the crystalline lens. The ciliary muscles help control the lens shape for focusing. It also contains the ciliary processes. Part of the Choriod.

Cliliary Processes: 毛様体突起
On the inner surface of the ciliary body; feeds lymph into the vitreous area and the aqueous chamber. Helps to maintain intra-ocular pressure of the eye.

CN Bevel: CNベベル
CNはCharles Nishimura の略語
A term used to describe the shaping of the outer periphery of the contact lens to follow the shape and movement of the inner surface of the lid. CN stands for Charles Nishimura who first created the technique.

Cones: 錐体
Retinal nerve receptors which account for the color vision and the ability to see smaller detail (how well you see 20/20, for instance, or 20/10, is better than normal). They are packed densely in the fovea to help in picking out detail. There are approximately 7,500,000 cones in each eye. Together with the rods, that are contained in the 10 layers of the retina, the third layer of the eye.

Congenital: 先天性
Born with the condition.

Contact Lens Sticking: （レンズの）癒着
Lack of movement of a contact lens on the cornea. Adhesion、Synechia

Convergence (tracking): 輻湊(内よせ)
The process of directing two eye to the same near point Fusion results.

Cornea: 角膜
The clear, bubble-like structure on the front of the eye, where light first enters the eye.

Corneal Abrasion: 角膜切除（解）
Loss of cells on the corneal surface due to mechanical trauma.

Corneal Edma: 角膜浮腫　
Accumulation of fluid in the cornea.

Corneal Hypoesthesia: 角膜知覚減退
Partial loss of sensitivity to touch in the cornea.

Corneal Staining:角膜ステイン
Bright areas on the cornea where dyd collects and which indicates an abrasion or other disturbance of the cornea.

Corneal Topography: 角膜形状解析（法）
The shape or map of the cornea. Calculated much as the shape of a mountain.

Corneal Ulcer: 角膜潰瘍
Small area of tissue loss in the cornea.

Cylindrical Lens: 円柱レンズ（又は、cyl.）
A toric lens. Not a spherical lens, but has different curves (maximum and minimum) in two meridians 90 degrees apart. A lens used in the correction of astigmatism.

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D

Daily Wear Contact Lens: 終日装用レンズ　
Contact lenses designed to be worn only during waking hours; removed disinfected and stored for the next day’s use.

Deposits: 沈着物
Accumulations of substances, usually tear film component (protein), onto the contact lens surface and/or in the lens material. Types included protein, mucus, lipid, inorganic and soilant.

Depth Perception: 深怪賞
The ability to judge the relative distance of objects and the spatial relationship of objects at different distances.

Diabetes: 糖尿病
The body is inability to control the blood sugar level due to a lack of insulin. Diabetes can affect the eyes and vision. The diabetic should be monitored carefully.

Diopter: ジオプトリー（又は、D）
A unit of measurement used to measure light focus. Rays of light focus a certain distance. If light from a distance of 20 feet away focuses through a lens at one meter, it is considered a one diopter lens. A lens of 2 diopters would focus at ½ a meter, and so on.

Diplopia: 復視
Double Vision

Disinfections: 消毒（法）、殺菌
Destruction of bacteria and viruses but not some spores.

Disposable Contact Lens: 使い捨てレンズ
Defined by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration(FDA) as a contact lens that is used one time and discarded.

DK: 酸素透過率
The amount of oxygen diffusing through a given amount of lens material in a given amount of time, under specified testing conditions.

Dry Eye: ドライアイ、眼乾燥症　
An eye which lacks the proper mix and volume of tears.

Ductions: 牽引、ひき運動、単眼運動
The ability of the eye to maintain fusion during an eye examination while prisms are rotated or used to change the position of the eyes for certain tests.

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E

Ectropian (又は、Ectropion): 外反（症）
Turning out the lid margin.

Edema: 角膜浮腫
Swelling

Emmetropia: 正視>
The refractive status of the eye is zero. Theoretically, no correction is necessary.

Entropian (又は、Entropion): 内反（症）
Turning in of the lid margin.

Esotropia: 内斜視（又は、ET）
When on eye looks at an object, the other eye turns in. Commonly called cross-eyes or strabismus. 　

Exotropia:  外斜視（又は、XT）
When one eye looks at an object, the other eye turns out. Commonly called wall-eyed or strabismus.

Extended Wear Contact Lens: 連続装用レンズ
Contact lenses designed to be worn round-the clock for intervals of one day to a week(s)

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F

Farsightedness: 遠視
It occurs when the eyeball is too short from front to back, or the eye’s focusing mechanism is too weak, causing light rays to be focused behind, rather than on the retina. A person with it has difficulty to seeing objects close up. See also Hyperopia

Field of Vision: 視野
The area or extent of physical space visible to an eye in a given position. Normally, it can be monocular or binocular. The figures given are based on clinical aspects since lighting, distance, size of test object, anatomical factors, affect the results. As an average under these conditions we can say the field of vision upward could be as an average, 50 ・70 degrees (the brow is a limiting factor): 70 ・75 degrees downward as the lower check is not a great limiting factor: 55-65 degrees inward as the nose obstruct the field: and outwards past 90 degrees.

Finger Vision: フィンガービジョン
The ability to see the largest chart in the doctors office, typically at 20/200. Usually the doctor will extend a fingers and determine the distance at which one can count the fingers. The doctor will record that distance. The separation of the fingers represents the approximate width of the bars on the largest big E, the 200th letter. 　

Floaters: 浮遊物、飛蚊症、前房微鹿
In the normally transparent vitreous, deposits of varying size, shape, consistency, refractive index, and motility, which may be of embryonic origin or acquired are found. If acquired, they may be an indication of degenerative changes of the retina of the vitreous humor.

Focusing: 調節
See Accommodation.

Fovea: 窩(解)
A pit. A small area of the retina which results in obtaining sharpest vision. The area is packed with cones, which accounts for color and ability to see smaller detail.

Frequent & Planned Replacement Contact Lens: 定期交換レンズ
General term used to refer to contact lens regimens in which lenses are replaced on a planned schedule, most often every two weeks, monthly, or quarterly.

Fundus: 眼低  
Back of the eye (interior).

Fusion: 癒着、癒合、融像  
The coordination of both eyes on the same object to form one image. The interpretation of the two images of each eye is a brain function. Depth perception is also involved. See Binocular Vision.

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G

Glaucoma: 緑内障
A condition in which the pressure in the eye increases. The normal is 14.25 mm. of mercury as measured by standardized instruments. The pressure can increase gradually although there are many variations. The increased pressure can affect the eyes normal function, including vision and the field of vision. The variations are many and must be monitored carefully.

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H

Hemorrhage: 出血
Bleeding

Hydrophilic: 含水  
The love of water. A material absorbs water.

Hyper-metropia (又はHyperopia): 遠視
Farsightedness. Light from a distance of 20 feet tends to focus behind the retina. If one is able to focus, he or she will be able to clear the image, but may lose some of the focusing ability at a closer range. Other problems may be a factor.

Hyperphoria: 上斜位  
The upward deviation, or amount of upward deviation of the line of sight in one eye with reference to that of the other eye, as manifested in absence of an adequate fusion stimulus or when fusion is made impossible.　

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I

Injection: 充血、注射
Increased redness of an area due to dilation and engorgement of the small blood vessels of the region, e.g. in conjunctivitis. The eyes are commonly referred to as bloodshot

Intra Ocular Lens: 眼内レンズIOL
A plastic lens implanted in the place of the crystalline lens (either behind cornea or behind the iris) during cataract surgery.

Intraocular Tension (又は、Pressure): 眼圧（又はIOP）
The eye pressure. See Tonometer.

Iris: 虹彩炎
The colored portion of the eye. The pupil is in its center.

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J

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K

Keratoconus: 円錐角膜
A degenerative, non-inflammatory disease of the cornea. The cornea is coned shaped and the condition is usually accompanied by high myopia and irregular astigmatism. Contact lenses may aid in curtailing this disease. Corneal transplants are not used with the frequency they were in the past.

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L

Lacrimal Secretion: 涙
Tearing

Lachrymal (又は、Lacrimal) Gland: 涙線
The main tear gland located under the lid on the upper outer portion of the orbit.

LASIK: レーザー角膜内切消形成術
It is an abbreviation for Laser-Assisted In Situ Keratomileusis. It is a kind of laser eye surgery designed to improve focus by altering the shape of the cornea. To perform the procedure, a qualified ophthalmologist uses a microkeratome to cut a circular protective flap to expose te inner layers of the cornea, which are reshaped with the laser.

Light Perception: 光覚
The ability to recognize light.

Lymph: リンパ
Lympho、The nutrient portion of the blood. Blood without red corpuscles. Part of the total auto-immune system.

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M

Macula: (角膜) 斑、黄斑
The area around the fovea, which is the point of sharpest vision. The diameter of the macular is 2-3 millimeters (25.4 millimeters in an inch). The fovea is only .2 to .4 millimeters in diameter and is more sensitive.

Macular Degeneration: 黄斑変性(症)、斑老化
The Degeneration of the nerve endings in the macula area, which includes the fovea. Senile macular degeneration refers to age related degeneration of this area. Sometimes dubbed, RMD for age-related macular degeneration.

Mesopia: メソフィア
A term coined for middle age sight by the National Eye Research Foundation because we have added thirty years to our life span. Presbyopia or old age sight, should be reserved for age 65 or older when one truly cannot focus at the near point. Mesopia should be reserved for the middle-age period 42-65 years of age when the average focusing problem is first noticed.

Melatonin: メレナ
A vertebrate hormone of the pineal gland that produces lighting of the skin by causing concentration of melanin in pigment-containing cells. Sometimes considered a sleep aid.

Monocular: 単眼視、単眼視力
Pertaining to one eye

Muscles of the External Eye:  
Can turn the eye in or out, up or down, or move the eye obliquely. One set of muscles are antagonistic to the other: the internal rectus muscles turns the eye in, the external rectus muscles turns the eye out;
the superior rectus muscles pulls the eye up, the inferior rectus muscles turns the eye down; superior oblique muscles turn the eye down and out; the inferior obliques muscles of the eye up and in. The levator muscles of the lid pulls the lid up and the ring-like muscles around the lid close the eye.

Myopia: 近視
Medical term for Nearsightedness. The condition in which light rays from 20 feet focus in front of the retina. The retinal image is blurred at distance. As the object is brought closer one can see clearer since the focus will be on the retina.

Myopic Reduction Maintenance Lens: レタイナレンズ
A modification of the orthokeratology contact lens design in which the central portion of the lens applies just enough pressure to the cornea to maintain the corneal flattening achieved but with no additional corneal flattening.

Muscles of the interior of the eye:  
Muscles within the ciliary body (part of the choroid controls the shape of the crystalline lens, and this affects the focusing of the eye). Its action is the pressure or lack of it on the suspensory ligaments surrounding the crystalline lens, the sphincter muscle of the iris closes down on the pupil, and the radial muscle widens the pupil.

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N

Naked Vision: 裸眼視力
Vision measurements without prescription glasses or contact lenses.

Neo-Vascularization: 新生血管
New blood vessels in the cornea.  

Nystagmus: 眼振
Involuntary movement of the eye. Fixation is hard to maintain.

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O

Occluder: 庶眼子
An opaque or translucent device placed before an eye to obscure or block vision.

Oculist: 眼科医
Ophthalmologist、An old designation of the eye, ear, nose, and throat physician.

O.D. (Oculus Dexter): 右眼
Right eye.

O.S. (Oculus Sinister): 左眼
Left eye.

O.U. (Oculi Uniter): 両眼
Both eyes.

Ophthalmologist (MD): 眼科医
Medical doctor specially trained to diagnose and treat all disorders of the eye. An ophthalmologist is trained in all aspects of eye care medical, surgical and optical.

Ophthalmoscope: 検眼鏡
An instrument for viewing the fundus and the interior of the eye. The instrument magnifies at the same time. The ophthalmocscope is an important diagnostic tool.

Optician: 眼鏡技術者
A paramedical professional who manufactures and dispenses eyeglasses and helps in the selection of frames. The optician may also dispense and/or fit contact lenses, depending on individual states’ licensing practice in the United States

Optometrist: オプトメトリスト、OD
Doctors of Optometry are independent primary health care providers who specialize in the examination, diagnosis, treatment, and management of diseases and disorders of the visual system, the eye, and associated structures as well as the diagnoses of related systematic conditions. They can use drugs for diagnoses and eye treatments (in most states)

Orthokeratology:
非手術角膜矯正術、オルソ・ケラトロジー
Contact lens fitting procedure that temporary reduces nearsightness after contact lenses have been removed.　

Oxygen Permeability: 酸素透過率
The amount of oxygen diffusing through a given amount of lens material in a given amount of time, under specified testing conditions.

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P

Perimetry: 視野測定、視野計測（法）
Measurement of the visual fields. Its size and relationships of the different targets used for motion, form, and color. See peripheral vision. Blind areas are evaluated if present. The normal blind spot is measured. The test also can indicate toxemia, tumor or abnormality of the retina, and the optic nerve and the visual pathway to the center affecting for vision in the brain.

Peripheral Vision: 周辺視
Vision resulting from stimulation of the retina exclusive of the fovea or the macula.

Peripheral Curve: PC、周辺カーブ
It is designed to provide proper tear exchange. It can be modified in a clinic if it is too tight.

Phoria: 斜位
A measurement of the angle of drift from the fixation point of the two eyes when binocular vision is prevented.

Phoropter: フォロプター（眼の屈折度を調査する機器）
An instrument of determining the refractive state of the eye.

Photophobia: 羞明
An abnormal intolerance or fear of light. Light sensitivity or light intolerance.

Presbyopia: 老視
A gradual lessening of the ability to focus at near resulting in difficulty of seeing near objects, i.e. reading.

Prism: プリズム
An optical element which deviates the path of light towards the base of the prism. A displaced image is seen through a prism is viewed in a different place than the object, but appears the same size and at the same distance as the real object.

PRK:
レーザー屈折矯正角膜切除術 Photorefractive Keratotomy. Using an eximer laser with power controlled by computer, PRK is considered the change the shape of the cornea to reduce vision problems. The laser vaporizes microscopic silvers from the outer layer of the cornea to flatten it. The flattening of cornea is intended to correct nearsightness and astigmatism.

Ptosis: 眼瞼下垂
Drooping of the eyelid.

Pupil: 瞳孔
The opening in the center of the iris to allow light to enter the eye. The pupil size contracts with light and dilates when the intensity is reduced. The pupil size also varies normally with the act of tracking or converging the two eyes.

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Q

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R

Radial Keratotomy: RK、放射状角膜切開術
Once the most common type of refractive surgery, RK is now considered the riskiest of all corrective eye surgeries. This is designed to correct or reduce nearsightness.

Refraction: 屈折
1. The altering of the pathway of light from its original direction as a result of passing obliquely from one medium to another of different index of refraction.  
2. The refractive and muscular state of the eyes, or the act or process of determining and/or correcting it.  
3. The term is also used loosely as meaning an eye examination.

Retina: 網膜
The inner or third layer of the eye: the nerve layer. A thin microscopic membrane with ten layers, composed of 137 million rods and cones. The retinal fibers become the optic nerve, exits the eye sockets and becomes a part of the visual pathway. The three layers of the eye are brain tissue and was extended from the brain during fetal life.

Retinitis Pigmentosa: ＲＰ網膜色素変性
A proliferation of pigment within the pigment layer of the retina leading to gradual loss of sight, characterized by difficulty with night vision. It is often congenital and familial following hereditary characteristics.

Retinoscope: 検影器  
An instrument used for determining the refractive state of the eye, and used by the eye doctor to focus a beam of light from the front of the eye, through the cornea, through the pupil, aqueous, crystalline lens, vitreous, the retina. Then the light is bounced back to the observer. The light reflex is observed by the eye doctor often showing the health of the eye, the posterior of the eye (a prescription can be determined from the test, as in a young child), the clarity of the media is observed, and so on. The tests may show variations at different distances and the changes noted and correlated by the doctor, the retinoscope is an important diagnostic tool.

Reverse Curve: リバースカーブ、逆カーブ、可逆カーブ、
This is the most critical zone of the entire lens. It is determined by a powerful mathematical model that relates the base curve to the alignment curve for each eye.

Rigid Gas Permeable Lenses (RGPs): 酸素（ガス）透過性レンズ
It is also an oxygen permeable lens. RGPs consist of a durable plastic that transmits oxygen. Because it does not contain water, RGPs resist deposits and is not prone to harboring bacteria.

Rods: 杆体、棒、杆菌
A part of the retina, the rods and cones from one layer, next to the pigmentary layer. There is an estimated 130,000,000 rods in each eye. The cones help in preventing more detail and color differentiation. The rods are attuned to motion and light gathering as in dim light.

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S

Sclera: 強膜
The outer layer of the eye. A tough fibrous tunic.

Scotoma or Scotomata (plural): 暗点
A retinal blind are represented by a loss of visual field. The blind area can be for white or a color. The normal blind spot is the entrance of the optic nerve into the eye.

Senile Macular Degeneration: 黄斑変性、斑老化
See Macular Degeneration.

Snellen Chart: スネレン視標
The letters seen in the doctor’s office, usually the bigＣ is the 20/200 letter, then 20/100, 20/80, 20/60, 20/50, and so on to 20/20 (normal or average line). The top 0 stands for the distance of the chart .20 feet distance at which the average person can step back to read the same letter. If the bottom letter is 80 then one is reading the letter at 20 feet for which the average individual can step back to 80 feet, the designation placed on the record is 20/80.

Spectacle Blur: メガネ雲
A term used to describe the problem of adapting to spectacles after wearing contact lenses. There may be changes in corneal curvature, thickness, or a problem with adjusting to image size differences between the contact lenses and the spectacles.

Strabismus: 斜視
The condition in which binocular fixation is not present under normal seeing conditions, i.e. the line of sight of one eye does or does not intersect the other at the object of fixation.

Suppression: 抑制
The brain chooses to disregards the image from one eye or an area. It is often indicative of binocular vision problems.

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T

Tangent Screen: 平面視野計
A large plane surface of black cloth used for plotting the physiological blind spot, scotoma, or fixation field restrictions. A part of perimtry, visual fields tests are done on a flat screen instead of an arc.

Tear Reservoir: 涙液の輪
リバースカーブに、涙液が溜まってパターンは輪のリンクの用に見える。

Tension, Intraocular:  眼圧
The pressure within the eyeball.

Therapeutic Contact Lens: 治療（目的）用レンズ
Contact lens designed to aid in protecting and helping a sick eye to heal. This unique lens is frequently combined with precise medication delivery schedules to heal the eye.

Tonometer: 眼圧計
An instrument for measuring the interior pressure of the eye, the impressibility depending on the tension of the tunics which in turn depends on the intraocular pressure.

Toric Lens: トーリックレンズ
A contact lens designed to corrected astigmatism by bearing two different optical powers at right angles to each other.

Tracking: 輻湊(内よせ)
See Convergence

Tunnel Vision: 管状視
Loss of the peripheral field of vision giving the individual the impression of looking through a tunnel. Preservation of central vision.　

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U

Ulcer, Corneal: 角膜潰瘍
A lesion or break down of corneal tissue which can be infected.

Uveal Tract: ぶどう膜
The second layer of the eye, the nutrient or vascular layer. Supplies blood, containing nutrients to the body, includes choriod, ciliary body, and iris.

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V

Vascular: 血管の、脈管の
Refers to the blood system.

Vision: 視力
Refers to vision measurement without correction. See Naked Vision. Also refers to Visual Acuity (corrected).

Visual Acuity: 視力
Acuteness or clearness of vision (especially of form vision) which depends on the sharpness of the retinal, focus, the sensitivity of the nervous elements, and the sensitivity of the nervous elements, and the interpretation faculty of the brain. The best vision possible with a prescription in place.

Vision Screening: 視力検査
An effort to determine the function of the eye. Often used as a shortened check in industry and schools. Not a complete examination covering health of the eyes, problems of eyes, or related to total body health correlations, interior eye examination, refraction of the eye, prescription, etc. that the eye doctor performs.

Visual Axis: 視軸
Imaginary line from an object viewed through the pupil (slightly nasal) to the macula.

Visual Fields: 視野、ＶＦ
It can refer to the fields of vision or to perimetry in which the visual fields are taken. See Perimetry.

Vitreous Humor: 硝子体、硝子体液（解）
The jelly-like substance in the posterior portion of the eye, back of the crystalline lens to the retina.

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